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Fabric testing standards play a crucial role in ensuring that every garment meets the quality, durability, and performance expectations of today’s consumers. From fiber selection to finished apparel, standardized testing helps manufacturers control consistency, reduce risk, and comply with global market requirements. As consumer demands and regulatory expectations continue to rise, reliable fabric testing becomes essential for building trust and protecting brand reputation.

In this guideline, you will discover everything you need to know about fabric testing standards and how they protect your product quality.

Fabric Quality Standards

Quality supporting elements in fabric testing standards provide structured methods for evaluating textile performance, appearance, and safety. These standards focus on key areas such as textile construction, colorfastness, dimensional stability, strength, and physical performance.

ISO (International Organization for Standardization)

ISO standards are globally recognized and widely used across textile manufacturing countries. They focus on harmonizing testing methods to ensure consistency and comparability in fabric performance, particularly for colorfastness, conditioning, and dimensional stability.

• ISO 105 applies to colorfastness testing. It evaluates how knitted fabrics resist color change or staining when exposed to washing, rubbing, perspiration, light, or other environmental factors. Its primary purpose is to ensure color durability and appearance retention.
• ISO 139 defines standard atmospheric conditions for textile testing. It applies to all physical and mechanical tests in the knitting industry, ensuring fabrics are conditioned under controlled humidity and temperature for accurate and repeatable results.
• ISO 6330 focuses on domestic washing and drying procedures. It evaluates dimensional stability, shrinkage, and appearance changes in knitted fabrics after laundering, helping manufacturers predict real-life garment performance.

AATCC (American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists)

AATCC standards are commonly used in North American markets and emphasize color performance, fabric durability, and consumer-use simulation. They are especially relevant for apparel brands exporting to the United States.

• AATCC 61 tests colorfastness to laundering using accelerated washing methods. It applies to dyed or printed knitted fabrics and helps assess how well colors withstand repeated washing over time.
• AATCC 135 evaluates the dimensional changes of fabrics after home laundering. In the knitting industry, it is used to measure shrinkage, growth, and distortion, ensuring garments maintain fit and shape after washing.
• AATCC 16 measures colorfastness to light exposure. It determines how knitted fabrics respond to artificial or natural light, helping prevent fading in garments worn or displayed under strong lighting conditions.

ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials)

ASTM standards focus on the physical performance and mechanical properties of textiles. They are widely used to evaluate fabric strength and construction integrity.

• ASTM D1686 applies to seam strength testing. It evaluates how well seams in knitted garments withstand stress, helping ensure durability during wear and movement
• ASTM D5034 measures breaking strength and elongation of fabrics. It assesses tensile performance in knitted textiles, ensuring fabrics can withstand pulling forces without failure
• ASTM D737 evaluates air permeability. It measures how easily air passes through knitted fabrics, supporting comfort, breathability, and performance requirements in apparel design.

What is the fabric testing standard? 

Fabric testing standards are internationally recognized methods used to evaluate how fabrics perform under different conditions, including washing, wear, strength, and color exposure. They define uniform procedures and benchmarks for measuring fabric quality and performance.

These standards ensure consistent, reliable results across suppliers and production countries, helping brands maintain quality control, reduce defects, and meet global compliance requirements.

Why fabric testing standards matter 

Fabric testing standards are essential for ensuring that every material used in apparel performs reliably throughout its entire life cycle. By evaluating fabrics under controlled conditions, these standards help verify resistance to shrinkage, fading, tearing, and other common quality issues that often lead to customer dissatisfaction and returns. 

For fashion brands, consistent testing reduces production risks, improves product durability, and supports smoother development and sourcing processes. Ultimately, fabric testing standards protect brand reputation while ensuring garments meet performance expectations from design to retail.

What often goes wrong in fabric testing 

Fabric testing errors often occur when standardized procedures are not followed consistently, leading to inaccurate results and costly quality issues. Small deviations in preparation or testing conditions can significantly affect performance data, especially in knitted and apparel fabrics. When these mistakes go unnoticed, they increase the risk of production defects, failed inspections, and customer complaints.

Common fabric testing mistakes include:

• Not conditioning fabrics under ISO 139 before testing, which ensures samples reach moisture equilibrium
• Using incorrect washing procedures under ISO 6330 or AATCC 135
• Misapplying colorfastness tests that do not match the fabric’s intended end use
• Cutting test samples against the grain affects the strength and elongation results
• Ignoring deviations in laboratory temperature and humidity

How Capital World Group ensures consistent quality and reliability in every garment 

Consistent fabric testing and quality control are central to Capital World Group’s manufacturing approach. By integrating international testing standards into every stage of production, the company ensures garments meet performance, durability, and compliance expectations across global markets.

Why customers choose Capital World Group:

• Recognized quality and sustainability credentials, including ISO 9001, Higg FEM, amfori BSCI, SLCP, and access to RCS, BCI, and FSC-ready fabrics
• Full-package manufacturing solutions covering design support, sampling, sourcing, production, and logistics
• Advanced in-house technical expertise ensuring accurate fit, construction quality, and production consistency
• Specialized product expertise in high-quality knit and woven womenswear, such as tops, dresses, skirts, pants, shorts, and jumpsuits

Collaborate with Capital World Group for expertly made, competitively priced womenswear that meets global standards.

Vietnam has become one of the leading hubs for apparel manufacturing, especially for brands producing medium to large-sized orders. However, when it comes to shipping apparel batches, choosing between air freight and sea freight can directly impact costs, delivery timelines, and even product launch success. Each option offers distinct advantages depending on order size, urgency, and budget priorities. 

This guide breaks down the key differences between air and sea freight for apparel shipments, enabling fashion brands to make informed decisions.

Side-by-side comparison table

This comparison highlights the trade-off fashion brands face when shipping apparel batches to large and distant markets like the U.S. Air freight prioritizes speed, control, and launch certainty but comes at a premium cost, making it suitable for time-sensitive or high-value products. Sea freight, while slower and less predictable, offers significant cost advantages for brands with flexible delivery windows. Choosing the right method depends on product value, urgency, seasonal timing, and overall supply chain strategy.

Why freight choice can make or break apparel orders 

For apparel batches, freight is not just a logistics decision; it directly impacts cost control, delivery timelines, and brand credibility. Unlike small orders, bigger shipments are more sensitive to freight rates, consolidation fees, and scheduling delays. 

Choosing the wrong shipping method can lead to missed product launch dates, unexpected cost increases, or inventory arriving too late for the selling season, directly affecting cash flow and market performance.

Understanding air freight for apparel

Air freight is a shipping method that transports apparel by aircraft, offering the fastest transit times between manufacturing hubs like Vietnam and global markets. For fashion brands handling apparel batches, air freight is often chosen when speed, reliability, and launch timing are more critical than shipping cost. While it comes at a premium, air freight can play a strategic role in reducing risk and supporting time-sensitive deliveries.

Advantages of air freight for clothing orders

• Fast transit times, often between 3–8 days
• Ideal for samples, first orders, and urgent product launches
• Lower risk of long port congestion or vessel delays
• Better control over delivery schedules and arrival dates

Limitations of air freight

• Higher cost per kilogram compared to sea freight
• Shipping costs increase quickly with heavier fabrics or bulky packaging
• Limited flexibility for oversized or high-volume shipments.

When air freight makes sense for fashion brands

• Shipping development samples or pre-production prototypes
• Launching new collections with fixed retail or marketing deadlines
• Delivering high-value or lightweight garments
• Managing partial shipments to keep timelines on track, some brands ship a portion of an order by air to support early sales while the balance moves by sea.

Key notes for shipping apparel by air 

• Use air freight for partial shipments when timing is critical
• Optimize carton size and packing to reduce chargeable weight
• Plan production and packing carefully to avoid last-minute surcharges

Overview of sea freight for apparel 

Sea freight is one of the most widely used shipping methods for apparel, especially for brands managing cost-sensitive or repeat orders. Although transit times are longer than air freight, sea shipping offers greater cost efficiency and capacity, making it suitable for heavier garments and less time-critical deliveries. For apparel shipments, sea freight can still be a practical option when planned carefully and aligned with production and sales timelines.

Advantages of sea freight for apparel batches

• Lower cost per unit compared to air freight
• Suitable for heavier garments and larger carton volumes
• Better option for non-urgent deliveries
• More environmentally efficient for larger shipment volumes

Limitations of sea freight

• Long transit times, typically ranging from 20 to 40 days
• Higher risk of port congestion and schedule disruptions
• Less predictable delivery timelines compared to air freight

When sea freight is the better option

• Shipping repeat or replenishment orders
• Delivering seasonal stock with flexible arrival windows
• Shipping heavier garments or dense fabric styles like knitwear, denim, and multi-piece sets
• Brands prioritizing cost efficiency over speed, especially on lower-margin items.

Key notes for shipping garments by sea 

• Plan shipments early to avoid peak-season congestion
• Factor in buffer time for customs clearance and potential port delays
• Ensure cartons are properly moisture-protected to prevent fabric damage during transit
• Confirm Incoterms and port responsibilities, whether shipments are FOB, CIF, or DDP, clearly, to avoid unexpected costs or delays.
• Work with freight forwarders experienced in apparel

Common mistakes fashion brands make when shipping apparel batches 

When shipping large apparel batches, brands often underestimate how logistics decisions affect cost, timing, and product success. Unlike small orders, large shipments leave little room for error, and poor freight choices can quickly erase margins or delay market entry. 

These mistakes often lead to higher costs, delays, or missed market opportunities:

• Choosing the cheapest shipping option without considering delivery timelines
• Using sea freight for first orders with tight launch or marketing deadlines
• Ignoring packaging optimization and inefficient carton sizing
• Failing to account for peak-season port congestion and customs delays

Capital World Group will support fashion brands by integrating freight planning into the manufacturing process from day one. With vertically integrated manufacturing from fabric sourcing, sampling, packing, to export, the team helps brands choose the most efficient shipping method for each apparel batch, balancing order size, fabric weight, cost, and launch timelines. Through its vertically managed production approach, Capital World Group reduces logistics risk while keeping deliveries aligned with your goals. 

Contact us today to optimize your apparel production and shipping strategy.

Fast fashion and sustainable fashion represent two contrasting approaches within the global apparel industry, each with very different environmental impacts. As clothing production accelerates worldwide, concerns over water consumption, carbon emissions, chemical pollution, and textile waste continue to grow. According to industry data, the fashion industry is now recognized as the second-largest consumer of the world’s water supply, intensifying pressure on natural resources. 

This guideline will clarify both models, analyze their environmental consequences, and help brands make more responsible sourcing decisions.

Comparing fast fashion and sustainable fashion’s environmental impact 

The contrast between fast fashion and sustainable fashion demonstrates that sourcing and production decisions have long-term environmental consequences. Brands that prioritize sustainability can reduce risk, strengthen trust, and contribute to a more responsible apparel industry.

What is fast fashion? 

Fast fashion is a business model centered on rapidly replicating runway or social media trends and producing them at scale. It prioritizes speed-to-market, short product lifecycles, low retail prices, and high sales volume, often at the expense of durability and environmental responsibility.

Advantages of fast fashion

• Affordable pricing for consumers: Fast fashion leverages low-cost materials, efficient production, and global supply chains to offer trend-driven apparel at accessible prices.
• Fast response to trends and market demand: Brands can quickly translate runway looks or viral trends into retail-ready products.
• Scalable production volumes: Fast fashion models are designed for mass production, enabling brands to manufacture large quantities quickly
• Short lead times for brands: Compressed design-to-delivery timelines allow brands to test trends with minimal delay

Disadvantages & environmental risks

• Significant environmental footprint: Fast fashion consumes large amounts of water, energy, and raw materials, contributing heavily to pollution and carbon emissions.
• High textile waste generation: Short product lifecycles encourage overconsumption, resulting in millions of garments being discarded each year, most of which end up in landfills or are incinerated.
• Reputational and regulatory risks for brands: Increased scrutiny from consumers, governments, and NGOs exposes brands to backlash, fines, or loss of trust when sustainability standards are not met.
• Unsustainable pressure on manufacturing supply chains: Tight timelines and low costs often strain factories, workers, and environmental standards.

Environmental impact of fast fashion 

Fast fashion’s emphasis on speed and volume creates significant environmental consequences across water use, emissions, and chemical pollution.

• Water usage: The fashion industry contributes around 20% of global wastewater and 8% of global carbon emissions, with greenhouse gas emissions projected to increase by 50% by 2030 due to fast fashion production cycles.
• Carbon emissions: Apparel production accounts for approximately 10% of global carbon emissions, driven by energy-intensive manufacturing, transportation, and overproduction.
• Chemical pollution: Textile processing and dyeing release toxic chemicals and untreated wastewater into rivers and soil, damaging ecosystems and posing serious health risks to local communities.

What is sustainable fashion?

Sustainable fashion is an approach to apparel design and production that aims to minimize negative environmental and social impacts. It prioritizes responsible material sourcing, ethical manufacturing, durability, and transparency across the entire supply chain, from raw materials to finished garments.

Advantages of sustainable fashion 

• Reduced environmental impact: Sustainable fashion lowers water use, energy consumption, and pollution by choosing eco-friendly materials and cleaner production processes.
• Stronger brand trust and long-term value: Brands committed to sustainability build credibility with increasingly conscious consumers, supporting long-term loyalty and differentiation.
• Better compliance with global sustainability standards: Using certified materials and ethical practices helps brands meet international regulations and retailer requirements.
• Improved supply chain resilience: Responsible sourcing and long-term supplier partnerships reduce risk and improve production stability.

Challenges & limitations 

• Higher upfront production costs: Sustainable materials and ethical processes often cost more initially than conventional options.
• Limited availability of certified materials: Access to certified or recycled fabrics can be constrained depending on the region and supplier networks.
• Minimum order quantity (MOQ) constraints: Many sustainable mills require higher MOQs, which can be difficult for smaller brands that only need limited quantities or are testing new products.

Environmental benefits of sustainable fashion 

• Lower water consumption: Recycling and reusing clothing can reduce water use by up to 70% compared to producing new garments.
• Reduced carbon footprint: Sustainable manufacturing methods and material choices can cut overall fashion industry greenhouse gas emissions by up to approximately 40% versus conventional practices.
• Waste reduction: Sustainable clothing lasts about 30% longer on average due to better materials and construction, significantly reducing textile waste over time

What fashion brands should consider when choosing suppliers? 

Choosing the right supplier plays a critical role in reducing environmental impact while maintaining product quality and commercial viability. Brands should look beyond pricing and timelines to evaluate how suppliers manage resources, ensure compliance, and support long-term sustainability goals. A well-aligned supplier can help brands balance responsibility with scalability.

Key fashion brands should evaluate:

• Environmental criteria: water management practices, energy efficiency, waste treatment, and emission control
• Certifications that matter: Standards such as ISO 9001, Higg FEM, BSCI, GRS, and RCS confirm verified quality and sustainability performance. Capital World Group’s adherence to these frameworks supports responsible production and gives brands confidence in meeting international market requirements.
• Reducing impact without increasing MOQ: smart production planning, material optimization, and flexible sourcing strategies
• Consider some common sourcing mistakes: relying on unverified sustainability claims, skipping audits, or focusing only on fabric choice instead of full supply chain practices

Capital World Group – Advancing sustainable apparel manufacturing for your brands 

With over 40 years of experience serving international fashion brands, Capital World Group supports responsible apparel production without compromising quality, efficiency, or commercial viability. Our vertically integrated manufacturing model gives brands greater control over environmental impact while maintaining consistent standards across every stage of production. By combining technical expertise with verified sustainability practices, we help brands navigate the transition toward more responsible sourcing and manufacturing.

Get in touch with us to build a long-term partnership with a dependable, sustainable apparel manufacturer

The women’s fashion industry in Vietnam is thriving, powered by international demand for fast, stylish, and affordable collections. Yet, many traditional women wear factories still operate in the old ways, focusing on mass production rather than market trends. Capital World Group stands out as a trend-led women wear manufacturer, combining creativity with precision. We believe lady clothing should go beyond the basics to capture the essence of each season’s newness. Every women outfit we produce is made with care, innovation, and a clear understanding of what modern consumers desire.

Why we praise ourselves as a trendy ladies’ wear manufacturer

• Sample studio built for speed: Average sample turnaround in 10 days with a sampling capacity of 500 pcs per week, supporting quick development and flexibility.
• Fabric switchboard: Fast-sub fabrics and partnerships with multiple mills ensure designs stay fresh and minimum lead time production.
• Varied in items: Tops, dresses, jumpsuits, bottoms, blazers, and outerwear available in multiple patterns, styles, and colors to meet any collection need.

How Capital World Group create trend-led ladies’ clothing collections

Our design and production teams combine technical expertise with creative direction to deliver the latest women’s fashion trends. With a vertical management system, every process takes place under one roof, ensuring better control, efficiency, and quality output.

Key elements we focus on:

• Newness levers: Ruching, cut-outs, hardware accents, novelty buttons.
• Surface play: Placed prints, puff or foil finishes, embroidery hits, engineered ribs.
• Fit finesse: Snatched waists, bias cuts, soft tailoring in lightweight suiting.
• Content ready: Hanger, flat, and try-on sets tailored for social media presentation.

Partner with Capital World Group – Vietnam’s trusted women’s wear factory

Capital World Group specialises in being a ladies’ clothing manufacturer producing competitive, quality women’s wear. Our dedicated sampling and production teams ensure that we deliver fashionable, high-quality women’s wear that meets global standards.

We continuously adapt to the latest fashion updates, allowing brands to stay relevant and competitive in a fast-moving market while meeting all women’s apparel product requirements and packaging compliances. With an average sample turnaround of around 10 days and a weekly sampling capacity of approximately 500 pieces, Capital World Group offers both speed and reliability in every stage of production. Contact us now for an end-to-end garment supply chain.

The women’s apparel requirement for modern brands combines technical clarity with commercial practicality. Manufacturers must translate design intent into reliable production documents while balancing material selection, fit, quality check procedures, and regulatory needs. Successful producers reduce risk in bulk ordering by aligning fabric sourcing, making, producing and finishing processes with clear timelines and measurable standards. This approach keeps the collections market ready and supports efficient shipping and compliance for import regulations and tax documentation.

Choosing suitable materials

Selecting the correct fabric is the first step in ensuring the garment performs as intended. Fabric sourcing should match aesthetics, wearability and cost targets, with practical consideration for availability across seasons and lead times. Work with suppliers who can provide samples, lab dips and documented technical specs so that the making process is predictable and repeatable.

Materials characteristics

• Texture: Fabric texture defines hand feel and the perceived quality of a woman’s garment.
• Drape: Drape influences silhouette and determines how the piece will sit on the body.
• Weight: Weight affects comfort and seasonality, important for market-appropriate assortments.
• Breathability: Breathable fabrics maintain wearer comfort and reduce the risk of returns.
• Durability: Durable inputs extend garment life and support wholesale reputations.

Sustainability

Today’s shoppers care deeply about how their clothes are made. Many brands are switching to eco-friendly materials and ethical production models. Capital World Group, a trusted Vietnamese textile manufacturer, supports this movement by offering sustainable solutions backed by ISO 9001, Higg FEM, amfori BSCI, and SLCP certifications. We help brands reach their sustainability goals while maintaining efficiency and quality.

Material testing and quality control

Before garments reach customers, every fabric and finished piece goes through a thorough quality check, conducted after every stage in the garment manufacturing process. This ensures each product meets brand standards and performs well in real-world conditions, minimizing returns and building trust with buyers.

Fit and measurement

Accurate sizing makes all the difference. Brands should always test and confirm fit points before large-scale production begins. A clear reference helps avoid costly mistakes later. Review our fit points to approve before bulk ordering to ensure consistent sizing and reduce pre-production issues.

Standard garment manufacturing process

Great apparel combines skilled craftsmanship with reliable systems. A standard production flow includes pattern making, sample approval, cutting, sewing, finishing, and packing. At Capital World Group, our vertical integration model ensures every step of manufacturing stays consistent, efficient, and fully traceable, helping brands maintain quality in every bulk order.

Compliance and labelling

Before garments reach global markets, they must meet local import regulation standards and tax requirements. Labels should clearly state size, material composition, care instructions, and country of origin. To better understand these rules, read our detailed guide on compliance and regulations when importing clothes from Vietnam.

Packaging and Logistics

Packaging is the final stage of presentation. It protects garments during shipping and ensures they arrive looking pristine. Efficient logistics planning also helps brands save on time and cost, especially for global exports.

Capital World Group – a women’s wear manufacturer creating competitive, sustainable, and high-quality women’s wear trusted by global fashion labels. We’re dedicated to producing women’s clothing that meets every quality, sustainability, and compliance standard. Contact us for more information about our services.

Capital World Group is a Vietnam-based wholesale women clothing manufacturer with over 40 years of industry experience. Our mission is to give global clients a competitive edge through consistent quality, modern production technology, and sustainable operations. Based in Nam Dinh Province, our facilities combine traditional craftsmanship with advanced machinery to produce ready-to-wear garments that meet international standards for design, performance, and value.

Our operations

Our production strength lies in our people, including 50 merchandisers, 15 pattern makers, 20 sample operators, and 15 QA professionals who ensure accuracy and efficiency at every stage.

• Quality assurance: A multi-step quality control checklist is applied across each production phase, ensuring consistency in bulk orders and minimizing errors before shipment.
• Vertically integrated garment manufacturing process
  • Fabric preparation: Selecting and testing fabrics aligned with client requirements for texture, weight, and colorfastness.
  • Yarn dyeing or printing: Managing patterns, prints, and color development through certified dyeing partners.
  • Cut, sew, trim: Operating under controlled production lines to maintain precision for every order quantity.
  • Finish: Steam pressing, inspection, and packaging readiness for ready-to-wear shipments.
  • Pack and ship: Final garments prepared for export with complete documentation, coordinated through our logistics partners.

Our sustainability efforts

Sustainability is not a marketing concept for Capital World Group. Established in 1967, our family-owned clothing factory approaches sustainable fashion as a responsibility. Every collection is created with low-impact materials, efficient processes, and traceable supply chains that reduce environmental impact for leading women’s wear brands.

Governance, ethics and compliance

We maintain social compliance and worker welfare through BSCI and SLCP audits, verified by independent third parties such as amfori BSCI (DBID 372005) and SLCP (ID FA 154904). Our environmental and safety certifications include the Higg Index and ISO 9001/14001 systems. The Kiara Garments facility operates under the Higg Facility Environmental Module framework, ensuring measurable improvements in resource efficiency, labor safety, and waste management.

Learn more about The differences between OEM vs. ODM vs. Private Label for your garment production.

Sustainable materials and circularity

We implement recycled fiber programs with RCS and GRS traceability, ensuring all recycled inputs are verified and documented with certified chain-of-custody records. Our material portfolio includes FSC-certified viscose, Better Cotton Initiative (BCI) yarns, and GOTS-certified organic cotton, allowing brands to combine premium aesthetics with proven sustainability.

Kiara Garments – Your trusted wholesale clothing manufacturer

Capital World Group specialises in being a ladies clothing manufacturer producing competitive, sustainable, and high-quality women’s wear for international markets. Our expert team provides flexible manufacturing solutions tailored for global apparel wholesalers, retailers, and brands seeking scale and dependability. Check out our facts for more information:

• Minimum Order Quantity (MOQ): 3000 pcs per style
• Average sample turnaround: 10 days
• Sampling capacity: 500 pcs per week
• Fabric origin: China, Taiwan, South Korea, Vietnam, India
• Port of origin: Hai Phong Port (HPH) or Hanoi Airport (HAN)

dChoosing the right women’s wear manufacturer can define the success or failure of a fashion brand. Even when sourcing globally or working with a local clothing manufacturer, your production partner determines not only garment quality but also timelines, pricing, and brand reputation. Selecting a reliable garment manufacturer means balancing creativity with practicality. Below are five non-negotiable factors every apparel brand should evaluate before finalizing their manufacturing partnership.

Factors needed for a quality women’s wear manufacturer

• Experience and specialization: A manufacturer experienced in women’s wear understands fit, drape, and current style trends better than a general producer.
• Certification and compliance: Verify labor standards, environmental compliance, and ethical sourcing certifications. This builds trust and supports sustainable production.
• Production capacity: Ensure that the factory’s production capacity can scale with your business. Delays often stem from overcommitted manufacturers.
• Transparent quality control procedure: Look for documented QA/QC systems with traceability at every step. Consistency in inspection avoids costly rework.
• Flexibility and communication: Responsive communication ensures problems are resolved before they reach production. Flexibility is key when designs evolve mid-process.

Selecting a partner that upholds these standards helps brands avoid costly missteps. Capital World Group offers a minimum order quantity (MOQ) of 3,000 pieces per style.  Established in 1967, and actively working in garments since 2005, it operates through vertical management with QA/QC integration at every stage. Specialized in being a ladies’ clothing manufacturer in Vietnam, Capital World Group produces competitive, quality women’s wear.

Tips when choosing a garment manufacturer

Types of garment manufacturer

Understanding manufacturing models helps match your business stage with the right partner.

• Cut-Make-Trim (CMT): The factory cuts the fabric, assembles garments, and finishes them with trims. It’s suitable for brands providing their own fabrics or unique patterns. CMT offers lower unit cost but requires strong in-house design and material sourcing.
• OEM model: Ideal for established brands with detailed design specifications. The factory executes your concepts precisely. Capital World Group operates effectively under the OEM model, ensuring brand-specific detailing with scalable output.
• Private label: Pre-developed styles with your branding. This model minimizes development time and cost, perfect for startups entering the market quickly.
• Full-service manufacturer: Manages everything from design to delivery. Suitable for emerging brands without dedicated design or sourcing teams.

Learn more about The differences between OEM vs. ODM vs. Private Label.

Understanding pricing and cost

When evaluating pricing, several variables determine the final garment cost:

• Fabric and material cost: High-end materials elevate both quality and price.
• Design complexity: Intricate detailing or unique silhouettes increase labor time.
• Order quantity: Larger orders reduce per-unit cost; align with MOQ requirements.
• Lead time: Faster production can incur premium costs.
• Geographical location: Domestic production offers faster turnaround and lower MOQs, while global manufacturers offer scale, variety, and cost efficiency but longer lead times.

A dependable women’s wear manufacturer combines experience, scalability, and transparent communication. Evaluating these non-negotiables ensures your apparel line achieves consistent quality, competitive pricing, and timely delivery which helps build the foundation for long-term brand success.

In the apparel manufacturing industry, the models of OEM, ODM, and Private Label define how garments are produced and branded. Each model determines how much control a brand maintains over design, production, and quality. Understanding these terms allows businesses to select the right manufacturing strategy for efficiency, scalability, and consistent quality in today’s global fashion market.

What is OEM in apparel manufacturing?

The OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) model enables brands to collaborate with a factory that produces garments according to the brand’s own design, materials, and quality requirements.

In this garment manufacturing process, the manufacturer executes production exactly as specified by the client, allowing brands to focus on sales, distribution, and marketing. This model provides creative freedom while optimizing time and cost in large-scale manufacturing.

Advantages:

• Reduces cost when producing bulk orders.
• Provides complete control over garment design and specifications.
• Guarantees originality and product exclusivity.

Disadvantages:

• Requires significant investment and consistent customer demand.
• Best suited for companies managing large production volumes.

Definition of ODM in the garment industry

ODM (Original Design Manufacturer) refers to a model in which the factory designs and produces ready-made garments that retailers can brand as their own. These designs originate from the manufacturer’s research and development (R&D) process. ODM allows brands to enter the market quickly without investing in design or pattern creation.

Factories using this model often provide ready-to-sell designs that retailers can slightly modify to align with their brand. ODM is widely used by businesses seeking to expand product ranges efficiently.

Two major ODM approaches are Private Label and White Label production.

Advantages:

• Saves time and cost by avoiding design and R&D expenses.
• Enables faster production cycles and market entry.
• Ideal for businesses seeking efficient sourcing solutions.

Disadvantages:

• Limited product uniqueness.
• Less flexibility in modifying designs or switching suppliers.

Private label clothing manufacturing

Private Label production involves working with a clothing manufacturer to produce garments that carry the retailer’s own brand name. The factory oversees production, while the retailer focuses on marketing, packaging, and sales. Private Label offers a balance between brand ownership and operational efficiency, functioning as a focused form of the OEM model.

Advantages:

• Complete authority over branding and quality.
• Higher profit margins due to direct ownership.
• Builds long-term customer loyalty through exclusive apparel lines.

Disadvantages:

• Requires more time for product design and setup.
• Effective only with bulk order quantities.
• Increased inventory management responsibility

Quick comparison table of OEM vs ODM vs Private Label 

Capital World Group – Your trusted OEM manufacturer

Capital World Group targets brands seeking a Vietnam apparel manufacturer with end‑to‑end supply‑chain control. The company maintains vertical management, rigorous QA and QC systems, and an integrated supply chain to ensure precision and consistency in every garment produced.

For dependable OEM solutions and scalable production solutions, contact us for a consultation with an experienced manufacturing partner.

In the apparel manufacturing industry, buyers usually place production orders using two main models: FOB (Free On Board) and CM (Cut and Make). Each system defines who controls materials, costs, and logistics within the garment manufacturing process. Understanding the differences between these two models helps businesses choose the most suitable structure for pricing, quality, and efficiency in global export and import operations.

What is FOB?

FOB (Free On Board) is the most common commercial term used in garment shipping and exporting. Under the FOB system, the manufacturer or supplier manages everything up to the port of loading, including sourcing of fabric, accessories, labor, production, finishing, and local transportation.

The buyer makes payment once the garments are ready for shipment, and responsibility transfers to the buyer when goods are loaded onto the ship or aircraft.

The FOB price breakdown generally includes: Fabric + Accessories + Labor + Overheads + Profit + Local transport. This system allows the buyer to focus on logistics, shipping schedules, and destination import costs after the cargo has left the supplier’s port.

The export process also compliance for regulations from both exporter and importer, check out this Guide to import garment from Vietnam to The US and Canada.

Benefits of FOB

• Better control of freight and cost: Buyers can negotiate directly with shipping agents to secure the best freight rates and delivery schedules. This often leads to better financial control and optimized logistics.
• More competitive pricing: Since the supplier manages end-to-end production and the buyer handles international transport, overall pricing becomes more transparent and cost-effective for larger orders.

Buyers’ responsibilities using FOB terms.

What is the CM order

CM (Cut and Make) is another production model used in the garment manufacturing process. In this arrangement, the buyer provides all raw materials and trims, such as fabrics, accessories, labels, packaging and the manufacturer is responsible only for cutting and sewing.

The CM price component covers labor, overheads, and profit, but not the materials. Because the garment factory only executes the cut and make stages, the buyer maintains full control over sourcing and fabric quality.  This model is preferred by companies that have reliable sourcing networks or want to manage production costs more directly.

Benefits of CM

• Flexible and cost-saving: Since the buyer supplies materials, this method allows for tighter cost management and flexibility in design and sourcing decisions.
• Control over material quality: Buyers can select and test all inputs before sending them to the factory, ensuring that the finished garments meet brand and quality expectations.

Quick comparison between FOB and CM

Check this comparison table to have a quick glance at differences between these two terms:

Choosing your trusted garment manufacturer

When selecting between FOB and CM in apparel manufacturing, the choice depends on your production scale, sourcing ability, and desired level of control. For many brands, Vietnam’s role has switched to be one of the most reliable destinations for apparel sourcing due to its skilled labor, efficient infrastructure, and competitive production costs.

Vietnam garment manufacturers like Capital World Group offer garment manufacturing processes with complete transparency and quality assurance. As a trusted apparel manufacturer providing end-to-end supply chain control, Capital World Group targets brands seeking Vietnam apparel manufacturer with end‑to‑end supply‑chain control

International trade in the fashion industry is complex. Ensuring garment quality, meeting strict customs regulations, and managing global shipping can be challenging, even for established brands. Sourcing apparel from Vietnam, one of the world’s top textile producers, adds layers of documentation and coordination.

However, with the right strategy, Vietnam offers huge opportunities for competitive pricing and skilled manufacturing. This article will guide you through the process of importing clothes from Vietnam into North America.

The Vietnamese garment market

The Vietnamese garment market continues to grow, with apparel export volumes up 9% year-on-year as of May 2025. In the first five months alone, exports reached US$17.58 billion, according to the Vietnam Textile and Apparel Association (VITAS).

The United States is the dominant buyer, taking 38–48% of exports. In Q1 2025, total shipments to the US across all goods surged to US$31.4 billion, up 22% from the prior year.  Japan takes about 10% of Vietnam’s textile exports, South Korea 7–10%, and the EU around 9–10%, with solid demand from the Netherlands, UK, and Germany. Vietnam also supplies to more than 130 countries worldwide alongside other clothing manufacturing countries.  ASEAN markets account for 6.6%, while Canada, China, the Middle East, and Africa represent 28%.

Source: Vietnam Customs.

With the current sustainable trend in garment manufacturing, many producers now work with eco-materials and hold certifications such as GOTS or OEKO/TEX along with digital adoption in automation and AI technology in up to 40% of facilities. Production is moving beyond cut-make-trim toward ODM (Original Design Manufacturing) and OBM (Original Brand Manufacturing) models that give manufacturers greater design and branding roles.

Reflecting these shifts, Kiara Garments Factory of Capital World Group provides sustainable garment manufacturing for brands with ISO 9001, amfori BSCI, and Higg FEM certifications, ensuring the highest quality and sustainability standards.

Ensuring alignment with Vietnam export regulations

When exporting clothing from Vietnam, the exporter and importer must prepare mandatory documents to satisfy local laws and smooth customs clearance.

Custom declaration form

Each customs declaration form must specify details about the shipment. This includes the consignor and consignee information, the country of origin of the goods, and the Harmonized System (HS code) classification for the apparel.

It also lists the shipping details (mode of transport, port of loading, and destination), a clear description of the goods (e.g., “100% cotton women’s blouses”), the labeling and packaging information, the total value of goods, and the purpose of the shipment (for export as a commercial sale, samples, etc.).

Bill of Lading

The carrier issues this document to confirm receipt of the goods for transport. It records the goods loaded on the ship (or plane/truck) and serves as a contract of carriage. The B/L includes details like the vessel name, departure and destination ports, a list of the shipped items, and the consignee to whom the goods will be delivered.

Commercial contract

The exporter and importer must finalize a commercial contract that sets out legal, financial, and quality details before shipment. This agreement assures product specifications and standards, confirming that all exported goods meet benchmarks such as ISO or third-party quality checks.

• Contract Number, Date, and Parties: States the reference number, signing date, and full legal details of the Seller (exporter) and Buyer (importer).
• Product Commodity Details: It lists the clothing type, material, style, HS codes for customs, and origin (e.g., “Made in Vietnam”).
• Quality: Defines standards via samples, ISO/ASTM criteria, or third-party checks like SGS; may note warranties.
• Quantity: Specifies total goods ordered, unit of measure, and acceptable tolerance (e.g., ±5%).
• Price: Outlines unit price, total value, and currency under an Incoterm (e.g., FOB Haiphong or CIF Los Angeles).
• Shipment Terms: Sets Incoterms 2020 rules, delivery point, mode (sea/air), and final destination.
• Payment Terms: States total payable, method (L/C or transfer), responsibility for charges, and timing tied to the Bill of Lading.
• Packing and Marking: Details packaging, labels, and marks to ensure compliance for export and warehouse use.
• Penalties: Establishes fines for late shipment or defective goods, ensuring contract discipline.
• Insurance: Assigns who covers cargo insurance and specifies coverage under the chosen Incoterm.
• Force Majeure: Lists extraordinary events (war, disasters, bans) excusing performance without liability.

Learn more about FOB term and how it is differentiated from CM (Cut-Make).

Commercial invoice

This is the bill for the goods prepared by the seller. It specifies the amount the buyer must pay for the shipment, the agreed currency and payment method, and typically the seller’s bank account details for the transfer. This invoice is used by customs in the importing country to assess the shipment’s value for duty calculation. It should match the contract and L/C terms. If the shipment is not a typical sale – e.g., samples or gifts – sometimes a pro forma invoice is used instead, but a commercial invoice is standard for normal apparel orders.

Packing list

It details what goods are packed in each box or container, including item descriptions, quantities per carton, carton numbers, dimensions, and weight (net weight of goods and gross weight including packaging).

The packing list mirrors the products and quantities on the invoice but omits any pricing or value information. Its purpose is purely logistical: freight forwarders and customs officers use it to plan storage, arrange handling equipment, and verify the shipment’s contents during inspections.

Export taxes and VAT

Vietnam generally exempts apparel goods from export taxes. This means that most clothing goods are tax-exempt when exported depending on the country, keeping clothes from Vietnam competitively priced for international buyers.

Applying Incoterms in a commercial contract

Incoterms define how shipping, insurance, and customs duties are allocated between parties. In Vietnamese export contracts, the chosen term clarifies who pays for freight, insurance, and duties, and where risk transfers from seller to buyer.

Incoterms 2020 include:

• CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid To)
• CFR (Cost and Freight)
• CIF (Cost, Insurance, and Freight)
• CPT (Carriage Paid To)
• EXW (Ex Works)
• FCA (Free Carrier)
• DPU (Delivered At Place Unloaded)
• DAP (Delivered At Place)
• FAS (Free Alongside Ship)
• FOB (Free On Board)
• DDP (Delivered Duty Paid)

Choosing logistics strategies

Most brands work with freight forwarders to manage shipping, since these experts can consolidate shipments and handle paperwork to reduce delays. The primary freight options are ocean (sea) and air freight.

Logistics options

Sea Freight – Ideal for companies optimising logistics costs. Ocean transport is the most economical option for bulk orders, though transit to North America can take 3–5 weeks. Two common methods are:

• FCL (Full Container Load): Best for large shipments. It reduces handling and potential damage.
• LCL (Less than Container Load): Shares space with other shippers; cost-effective for small volumes but may face extra handling.

Air Freight – Used for smaller, lighter, or urgent shipments. Air cargo reaches the US or Canada within days, which is valuable for fast fashion or restocking. However, it costs far more per kilogram than sea freight and has size limits.

Delivery strategies

Choosing the right delivery model affects cost, risk, and responsibility once goods leave Vietnam. Providers usually offer three main service levels:

• Port-to-Port: The carrier moves cargo from a Vietnam port (e.g., Haiphong) to a North American port (e.g., Los Angeles). It’s the cheapest option but leaves the importer responsible for customs, duties, and inland transport. Best for those with in-house logistics or a customs broker.
• Port-to-Door: The forwarder handles transport from the Vietnam port through customs clearance and delivers directly to your warehouse. It balances cost and convenience, bundling inland delivery.
• Door-to-Door: The provider collects cartons at the origin factory, manages export clearance, international shipping, customs, and last-mile delivery. It simplifies coordination and saves time, but comes at a premium price.

Regardless of strategy, always secure cargo insurance (marine or air) to protect shipment value against loss or damage.

Import regulations and customs duties of the US and Canada

Compliance with customs regulations is essential to prevent border delays. Both the US and Canada have specific textile requirements, so brands should prepare in advance and work with reputable Vietnamese textile manufacturers. Key considerations include:

• Import quotas and restrictions: Most quotas ended in 2005, but check for embargoes or bans on certain goods (e.g., wildlife-based materials).
• Tariff classification: Use the correct HS code; errors can cause penalties or higher duties.
• Environmental regulation: Meet safety laws on dyes, chemicals, or fumigation for used apparel.
• Intellectual property: Avoid counterfeit logos; customs enforce strict IP rights.
• Product safety and labelling: Ensure origin, fiber content, and care labels meet US and Canadian rules.
• Import permits & licenses: Not usually required, but some items (fur, exotic skins) may need permits.

Staying ahead of these rules ensures smooth clearance and avoids costly delays.

Specific documents and other considerations

Import rules differ between the US and Canada, and apparel shipments must meet country-specific filing requirements to avoid delays at the border.

Importing to the US

U.S.-bound importers must file an Importer Security Filing (ISF) at least 24 hours before vessel departure and submit the ACE Import Manifest Documentation through the Automated Commercial Environment. These records verify shipment details, support customs checks, and help importers clear goods legally.

• Importer Security Filing (ISF): Advance electronic data on shipment details.
• ACE Import Manifest Documentation: Carrier’s electronic manifest for US Customs.

Importing to Canada

Canada’s process mirrors the US import rules but uses its own systems. Canadian customs regulations require full invoice disclosure and declarations. Shipments valued above CAD$2,500 need a Canada Customs Invoice (CCI/CI1) listing vendor, purchaser, origin, currency, and item details.

The importer or broker must also file an Import Declaration electronically (B3 form) to confirm tariff classification, duty, and GST. Conversely, carriers must submit an Advance Commercial Information (ACI) eManifest before arrival (Canada’s version of the US manifest). Accurate paperwork is vital as errors risk penalties or seizure.

First-time importers should obtain a Business Number from the Canada Revenue Agency for clearance. Many apparel goods qualify for reduced or zero tariffs under the CPTPP, provided a valid Declaration of Origin is issued.

Choose the right partner for streamlined sourcing

Many brands face rising costs, compliance hurdles, and tight deadlines when sourcing apparel from Vietnam. Capital World Group provides the solution through a vertically integrated supply chain with an end-to-end process of fabric sourcing, production, and logistics. Contact us today to secure dependable Vietnam-based production.