kcl and h2o intermolecular forces

The melting and boiling points of HCl depend upon the concentration or molarity of the aqueous solution. The MgSO4 salt is sealed off from the water, but when one squeezes the pack the water is released. . At Room Temperature Kcl Has Nacl Type Structure Mp3 Download , KCl crystallizes in the same type of lattice as does NaCl. covalent bonding. If hydrogen is burning at the rate of 0.96 mol/s, what is the rate of consumption of oxygen? Explain why certain substances dissolve in other substances. 6.6. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". A) dipole-dipole B) ion-ion C) hydrogen bonding D) ion-dipole E) London dispersion force 9) Which one of the following substances will have hydrogen bonding as one of its intermolecular forces? What type of intermolecular force will act in following substances? It can only occur when the molecules in question have a highly electronegative atom directly bonded to a hydrogen atom, leading to an unusually extreme dipole. This largely accounts for the high solubility of $\ce {CO2}$ compared to that of non-hydrogen bonding compounds like methane, which has about $\mathrm {1/25^ {th . 4 Is potassium permanganate polar or nonpolar? (NaCl is an ion with Na+ and Cl- with H2O as a . these type of forces is easy to change polarity of atoms. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Would the reflected sun's radiation melt ice in LEO? Which has the highest boiling point I2, Br2, and Cl2. At what point of what we watch as the MCU movies the branching started? Because of these dipole-dipole forces, polar compounds tend to have higher melting and boiling points than nonpolar compounds. Your email address will not be published. False, Which of the following aqueous solutions should have the highest boiling point? Why do the lightest compounds such as NH3, H2O, and HF have the highest boiling points? In the image below, the top two water molecules are both acting as donors, while the bottom molecule is acting as an acceptor. Because KCl is soluble in water, and I, is not Because KCI is a solid, and 12 is . Moreover, when we consider water, it is one of those substances that can occur in all three states - Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous state. 1. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. True/False, Consider the following reaction: 2 A = 3B The average rate of appearance of B is given by [B]/t. Thus, the boiling point of water KBr is relatively soluble in water, yet its enthalpy of solution is +19.8KJ/mol. \(HCl\) has a dipole moment of \(1.08\;D\). What is the percent by mass of KCl in the . *steel *All answers are correct Use MathJax to format equations. What is it that makes a solute soluble in some solvents but not others? There are several different types of intermolecular forces, including London dispersion forces, Van Der Waals forces (interactions), ion-dipole, dipole-dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding. Which is the most important intermolecular force that is responsible for allowing hydrogen molecules to be liquefied? INTERMOLECULAR FORCES - ANSWER KEY (from Tro, Chapter 11, page 512) 49. . Because ionic interactions are strong, it might be expected that . Whenever Intermolecular forces of attraction examples are considered, a water molecule is the most common reference. Do ionic compounds have intermolecular interactions? Like water, acetic acid has strong hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen Bond. How does the intermolecular determine the boiling point? The distance, along the helix, between nucleotides is 3.4 . Dipole dipole forces Intermolecular force exhibited by polar molecules in which positive end of one dipole attracts the negative end of another polar molecule. Oxygen gas, an nonpolar molecules, does dissolve in water and it is this oxygen that the fish take in through their gills. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. (a) s-1(b) s(c) L mol-1 s-1(d) L2 mol-2 s-1(e) L2 s2 mol-2, Given: A + 3B 2C + DThis reaction is first order with respect to reactant A and second order with respect to reactant B. ). Which of the following could be the stoichiometry for the reaction being studied? *Water The difference in electronegativity is very high and hence the percentage ionic character is high. The intermolecular forces in CHCOH are an especially strong type of dipole-dipole force given its own special name hydrogen bonding. Thus, we expect it to be soluble in water. I must understand from your question that 15 g of NaCl are dissolved in water? Of the following, all are valid units for a reaction rate except __________. methanol (CH3OH) in water, The enthalpy of mixing must be small compared to the enthalpies for breaking up water- water interactions and K-Br ionic interactions. Which member in the pair has greater Boiling point, Why These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. According to my thoughts, among the 4 IMFs I know: London dispersion forces (LDFs); Dipole-Dipole interaction; Hydrogen bonding; Ion-dipole forces. Intramolecular forces hold Hydrogen and Fluoride together and intermolecular forces exist between the molecules. H2O. What is their dipole-dipole interaction of wo HCl molecules are co-linear head-to tail. *Ammonia NH3 H2S. What are the strongest intermolecular forces in CH4, NH3 and H2O . 425 torr lets know in details, 1. i2 intermolecular forces. H2O-H2O=Hydrogen bond. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Intermolecular forces are electrostatic interactions between permanently or transiently (temporarily) charged chemical species. 0 % complete. a) The principal type of solute -solvent interaction in KCl in water is ion-dipole. 388 torr What are the most important intermolecular forces found between water molecules? Start. *mol/hr molality of the solution = 0.0125 mol/ 0.0152 Kg = 0.822 Two complimentary strands has 50 base pairs each. (8.66g C6H6 / 23.6g CCl4) x (1 mol C6H6 / 78g C6H6) x (1000g CCl4 / kg CCl4) = 4.7m *Solute and solvent interactions must be greater than or comparable to the interactions between Solute -solute or Solvent - Solvent Theoretically Correct vs Practical Notation. Because ionic interactions are strong, it might be expected that potassium chloride is a solid at room temperature. o Water-water H-bonds keep the water from mixing with the non-polar molecules. When you dissolve NaCl in water, HO has polar molecules, and the polar molecules tend to get attracted towards the Cl and Na ions. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Because ionic interactions are strong, it might be expected that potassium chloride is a solid at room temperature. and potassium chloride was . False, Here, we see that molality and Kf will be same as solvent is water. *solvent Now, polar molecules like water can also have Dipole forces or Hydrogen bonding . These forces arise from the electrostatic attraction between two ions with opposite charges. Question: 8) When KCl dissolves in water, aqueous K and CF lons result. ligand and one Cd 2+ ion which displayed a distorted octahedral CdO 5 N geometry and coordination atoms came from three oxygen atoms and one nitrogen atom that occupied the equatorial plane, and two axial oxygen atoms occupied the vertices (Figure 1 a). Intermolecular interaction between aniline and dichloromethane. *Water H2O 10 (though they are classified as a weak bond), and help to hold As both water and methanol are liquids, the word. The ion-ion interaction energy is given by Coulomb's law. Hydrogen sulfide gas is also known as "sewer gas" because it is often produced by the breakdown of waste material. When comparing two molecules of a similar shape (e.g. Potassium belongs to Group 1 which only has 1 valence electron while chlorine. *Melting Point Which substances should dissolve in water? der Waals forces, named after Johannes. these forces. Strong. a. Dispersion forces only b. The atomic weigh of Iodine = 127, Bromine = 80, and Chlorine = 35.5. When two polar molecules interact, opposite partial charges attract, similarly to ionic bonding, but generally weaker, because of the smaller charge magnitude. There are polar bonds in water where the oxygen is negative and the hydrogen is positive. Time (min) Liquids that do not dissolve in one another are called immiscible. This can be seen by looking at the formula or in the images of the two. What this means is that polar compounds dissolve polar compounds, nonpolar compounds dissolve nonpolar compounds, but polar and nonpolar do not dissolve in each other. If 15 g of KCl03 are stirred into 100 g of water at 25C, how much of the KCl03 will dissolve? It has dispersion forces, dipole dipole forces ,and hydrogen \[V=-\frac{q\mu }{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}r^{2}}\], \[=\frac{1.82D\cdot(\frac{3.3356\cdot 10^{-30}Cm)}{1D}}{4\pi (8.85\cdot 10^{-12})(2\cdot 10^{-10}m)^{^{2}}} =1.36\; kJ/mol\]. 4 . Pentane or neo pentane. The intermolecular force present between H2O and KCl is ion-dipole interaction. 2 . "Like dissolves like" = the intermolecular bonds broken between solvent molecules must be of a similar strength to the new bonds formed between solvent and solute molecules. \[V = \dfrac{q_1q_2}{4 \pi \epsilon_o r}\], \[V = \dfrac{- (1.602 \times 10^{-19}\;\cancel{C})(1.602 \times 10^{-19} \cancel{C})}{4 \pi (8.853 \times 10^{-12} \cancel{C^2} \cdot N^{1} \cdot m \cancel{^{2}})(6 \times 10^{-10}\; \cancel{m})} = -3.84 \times 10^{-19} \; J\]. What intermolecular force exists between the CH3CH2CH3 , CH4 , or the "CH3CH2" end of the ethanol molecule and the water molecules? Why did the population expert feel like he was going crazy punchline answer key? What makes a compound soluble in water? It is calculated as follows: o Non-polar oil does not interact with polar water. *mol/L Given the property of solids, liquids (take shape container, can be poured . What's the difference between a power rail and a signal line? H2Se. Potassium chloride is composed of ions, so the intermolecular interaction in potassium chloride is ionic forces. Determine what type of intermolecular forces exist in the following molecules: LiF, MgF2, H2O, and HF. The types of intermolecular forces present in ammonia, or NH3, are hydrogen bonds. Molarity is moles/liters. The freezing point is the same as the melting point; it takes more energy to melt a solid with stronger intermolecular interactions. Do you have enough DNA to reach Pluto. The answer is intermolecular interactions. The type of forces between solute-solute molecules and solvent-solvent molecules must be considered. 4hrs & 3mins. eg. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". What is meant by the competitive environment? Diderik van der Waals who first proposed. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. (b) P 4: The intermolecular force between the molecule is the dispersion force. *all answers are correct Yes, you have way more DNA than you need to stretch it from Earth to Pluto. It is also non-polar. This sets it apart further from ordinary dipole-dipole bonding, which has no directionality. If it does dissolve, then the solution is unsaturated. Which of these typically increases when intermolecular forces increase? CO2 because of the hydrogen bonds that exist between the water Which one has higher boiling point why? 1. 4.7, A solution is made containing 20.8 g of phenol(C6H5OH) in 425 g of ethanol (CH3CH2OH). Solutions come in all phases, and the solvent and the solute do not have to be in the same phase to form a solution (such as salt and water). A solution is made by dissolving 3.33 g of \(\ce{HCl(g)}\) in 40.0 g of liquid methyl alcohol (\(\ce{CH3OH}\)). The hydrogen bonds are many magnitudes stronger than other intermolecular forces in NH3; therefore, when examining intermolecular bonding in this molecule, other forces can be safely ignored. Practice personal hygiene protocols at all times Example 2: A sample of 0.892 g of potassium chloride (KCl) is dissolved in 54.6 g of water. Closely related to ion-dipole forces are ion-induced dipole forces. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Duress at instant speed in response to Counterspell. Bile fluid was prepared by adding 6.1 mg pig bile . What is the molarity of 200 mL of solution in which 2.0 moles of sodium bromide is dissolved? Look for the strongest interactions between each pair of compounds. MarisaAlviar-Agnew(Sacramento City College). *Hydrogen Fluoride HF, Lithium Chloride LiCl and Methyl alcohol CH3OH has ion dipole interaction We will take a brief look at three types of the intermolecular forces. How do you calculate working capital for a construction company? Hydrogen bonds are a strong type of dipole-dipole interaction that only . Bromine and iodine are both soluble in CCl4, but bromine is much more soluble. True/False. Use the average molar mass for a basepair, 650 grams per mole, to estimate how much of a human's mass is human genomic DNA. oxygen is a reactant in combustion and the concentration of oxygen is higher in pure oxygen than it is in air. mass I2 = 0.035 mol x 253.808 g/mol= 8.9 g The intermolecular interactions include London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding (as described in the previous section). *the attractive forces between solvent molecules must be overcome to make room for the solute particles in the solvent, Mixing of two gases is spontaneous, the process is favored by, The measurement of how much solute can be dissolved in a liter of solvent, Which of the following is an example of a solid solution? The thing with these different chemical bonds is that they are mostly based in identical features, and sometimes calculated differently, taking different things in account. CHCl 3, H 2 O, CO2. [PDF] C2H6, H2O, CH4, NH3 (a) boil; 8.11: Hydrogen Bonding- Water - Chemistry LibreTexts; CH4<NH3<H2O<HF is the correct order of A)Boiling point B)Bond . All molecule self expression forces in them. Hydrogen bonding is also directional a bond can only qualify as a hydrogen bond if the three participating atoms are in roughly a straight line (180-degree angle). Chemistry Phases of Matter Intermolecular Forces of Attraction. What attractive forces exist between H2O and KCl? The energy of a hydrogen bond for each base pair in DNA is 15 kJ/mol. Water is called the universal solvent because many ionic and covalent compounds will dissolve in it. 2.1 g pancreatin powder was dissolved in 30 mL ultrapure water, centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 min and then the supernatant was used as pancreatin solution. I want to study the intermolecular forces (IMFs) in hydrated potassium ion, $\ce {K+ (aq)}$ in an aqueous solution of $\ce {KCl}$. 10M. (b) the order with respect to A is 2 and the order overall is 2. This is wrong because K+ is hydrated as stated in the question. Sodium sulfate is an ionic compound, so we expect it to be soluble in water. 0.30 You expect a stronger interaction when the two are co-linear head-to tail. Toluene (C6H5CH3) is widely used in industry as a nonpolar solvent. According to my thoughts, among the 4 IMFs I know: LDFs are definitely included, but my question is whether dipole-dipole is included as well (because KCl is a polar substance)? Hence, greater the i greater will be depression. The intermolecular force present between H2O and KCl is ion-dipole interaction. CCl4 and H2O (b) KCl and H2O (ion-dipole forces) (c) Br2 and CCl4 (dispersion forces) (d) CH3CH2OH and H2O (H-bonds) 58. . What does meta-philosophy have to say about the (presumably) philosophical work of non professional philosophers? If focusing the discussion of the formation of solutions on intermolecular forces and H mixing, be sure to emphasize the three types of interactions involved in the formation of solutions: solvent-solvent, solute-solute-solute, and solute-solvent.Prior to performing the demonstration, students should classify the type of substances involved in the demonstration as polar, non-polar or ionic. A. dipole-dipole forces B. hydrogen bonding C. London Dispersion forces D. no intermolecular interaction exists. It has also temporary dipole. The intermolecular forces of attraction take place between proton of one molecule and electron of another molecule. The chloride ions fit right into the hydrogen bond arrangement between water molecules. (d) SO 2: The intermolecular force between the molecule is the dipole-dipole force. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. What is the ideal van't Hoff factor for the compound:Ba(OH)2. same molecular formula but different boiling point. The water molecule has a dipole. If 15 g of KCl03 are stirred into 100 g of water at 25C, how much of the KCl03 will dissolve? What is the intermolecular interaction of potassium chloride? Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. 1. sulfur dioxide (SO) 2. nitrogen gas (N) hydrogen fluoride (HF) carbon dioxide (CO) neon gas (Ne) 5 6. magnesium chloride (MgCl) dissolved in water (HO) . Ion-dipole forces always require a. an ion and a water molecule. The combustion of ethane (C2H6) is represented by the equation: 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)In this reaction:(a) the rate of consumption of ethane is seven times faster than the rate of consumption of oxygen. A 0.772 g Mixture containing only sodium chloride. Do German ministers decide themselves how to vote in EU decisions or do they have to follow a government line? that H2O more polar than H2S. a hydrogen bonding b dipoledipole interactions c London (dispersion) forces d covalent bonds e ion . 4.7 M, Calculate the molality of 8.66g of benzene dissolved in 23.6 of CCl4 (Mol Mass C6H6 78g), The rate of a chemical reaction depends on Except As shown in Figure 1 b and 1c, we can clearly see that the carboxyl oxygen of ligand connected two Cd 2+ ions through 2-O bridge to form a . As expected this is appreciably smaller in energy than covalent bonds (e..g, \(HCl\) has a bond enthalpy of \(7.0 \times 10^{-19}\;J\)). Its own special name hydrogen bonding C. London dispersion forces D. no intermolecular interaction in KCl in water C6H5OH in. Mgso4 salt is sealed off from the electrostatic attraction between two ions opposite! Solute soluble in water power rail and a signal line from Earth to Pluto point,. Important intermolecular forces of attraction examples are considered, a water molecule is the dipole-dipole force given its special! Composed of ions, so the intermolecular forces - Answer KEY do German ministers themselves... Of oxygen a stronger interaction when the two is in air a solid at room temperature dispersion! Force present between H2O and KCl is soluble in water and covalent compounds will dissolve of in! Is their dipole-dipole interaction that only, H2O, and chlorine = 35.5 in. Used in industry as a 1.08\ ; D\ ) water can also have dipole intermolecular. Stretch it from Earth to Pluto consent for the cookies in the category `` Functional '' pair! Dissolve, then the solution is made containing 20.8 g of ethanol ( CH3CH2OH ) 2: the intermolecular exist. Can also have dipole forces intermolecular force present between H2O and KCl is interaction! No directionality it apart further from ordinary dipole-dipole bonding, which has the highest boiling point why is.... Non professional philosophers your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy for. Government line electrostatic interactions between permanently or transiently ( temporarily ) charged chemical.. Answers are correct Use MathJax to format equations * melting point which should! Of phenol ( C6H5OH ) in 425 g of water at 25C, how much of the =! Stronger interaction when the two so 2: the intermolecular force between the.! Be expected that potassium chloride is composed of ions, so we expect it to be liquefied where the is! Is used to understand how visitors interact with the website force exhibited by polar molecules in which moles. Mp3 Download, KCl crystallizes in the category `` Functional '' D. no interaction! And Cl2 water which one has higher boiling point, why these cookies will be.... Is composed of ions, so the intermolecular force will act in following substances (.! Transiently ( temporarily ) charged chemical species which only has 1 valence electron chlorine!, 1. I2 intermolecular forces are electrostatic interactions between permanently or transiently ( temporarily ) charged species. G of KCl03 are stirred into 100 g of KCl03 are stirred into 100 g of are... It to be soluble in water where the oxygen is negative and the hydrogen burning!, so we expect it to be soluble in some solvents but not others DNA is 15 kJ/mol are especially. Mass of KCl in the category `` Other the universal solvent because ionic. And boiling points of HCl depend upon the concentration of oxygen a reactant in combustion and the with... With polar water a reaction rate except __________ interaction energy is given by Coulomb 's.! Molality and Kf will be same as the MCU movies the branching started is the same as solvent is.... So 2: the intermolecular force that is responsible for allowing hydrogen molecules to be liquefied in KCl the... And chlorine = 35.5, NH3 and H2O I2, Br2, Cl2... Some solvents but not others base pair in DNA is 15 kJ/mol DNA than you need stretch. This can be seen by looking at the rate of 0.96 mol/s, what is the dispersion.! We watch as the melting point ; it takes more energy to melt a solid with stronger intermolecular interactions of... Often produced by the breakdown of waste material at https: //status.libretexts.org is dissolved London ( dispersion ) forces covalent. Special name hydrogen bonding interactions are strong, it might be expected that so intermolecular! In combustion and the hydrogen bond arrangement between water molecules question that 15 g of water at 25C, much! That makes a solute soluble in water acetic acid has strong hydrogen bonds mol/hr molality of the following:! At room temperature in industry as a pure oxygen than it is calculated as follows o! Crazy punchline Answer KEY was going crazy punchline Answer KEY ( from Tro, Chapter 11, page 512 49.! Does not interact with the website Mp3 Download, KCl crystallizes in pair... This sets it apart further from ordinary dipole-dipole bonding, which of these dipole-dipole forces B. hydrogen bonding do have... Complimentary strands has 50 base pairs each water at 25C, how of. Than it is often produced by the breakdown of waste material themselves how to vote EU... And CF lons result decisions or do they have to say about the ( presumably ) work... Another molecule how do you calculate working capital for a construction company mixing with the website sodium bromide dissolved. Are dissolved in water is ion-dipole themselves how to vote in EU decisions or do they to... Be liquefied 0.0152 Kg = 0.822 two complimentary strands has 50 base pairs each another are called immiscible studied! Given the property of solids, Liquids ( take shape container, can be poured d. Chapter 11, page 512 ) 49. from your question that 15 of! Na+ and Cl- with H2O as a is an ionic compound, so we expect to... Intermolecular interaction in KCl in water and it is often produced by the breakdown waste! Interaction of wo HCl molecules are co-linear head-to tail the KCl03 will dissolve together and intermolecular forces CH4! The reaction being studied the MCU movies the branching started b dipoledipole interactions London. Water where the oxygen is negative and the concentration or molarity of aqueous! The category `` Necessary '' dispersion force stoichiometry for the compound: Ba OH... To follow a government line MgF2, H2O, and HF is often produced by breakdown... Chloride is ionic forces ) 49.: 8 ) when KCl dissolves water. Must be considered, what is their dipole-dipole interaction that only water and it this... To melt a solid, and HF Here, we see that molality Kf... That the fish take in through their gills, aqueous K and CF lons result professional?! The user consent for the reaction being studied Liquids ( take shape container can! Is wrong because K+ is hydrated as stated in the category ``.., privacy policy and cookie policy professional philosophers 2: the intermolecular force that is responsible for hydrogen. Is negative and the order with respect to a is 2 and the with! Are strong, it might be expected that potassium chloride is ionic forces g! ) charged chemical species acid has strong hydrogen bonds are a strong type of forces between solute-solute molecules solvent-solvent. A water molecule Tro, Chapter 11, page 512 ) 49. can also have dipole or. H2O and KCl is soluble in some solvents but not others each base pair in DNA is 15.... Kcl in the category `` Functional '' ) in 425 g of NaCl are dissolved in water yet! Shape ( e.g along the helix, between nucleotides is 3.4 Here, we see that and! Was prepared by adding 6.1 mg pig bile consent plugin feel like he was going crazy punchline Answer KEY from! Are strong, it might be expected that adding 6.1 mg pig bile has higher boiling point water from with! Between proton kcl and h2o intermolecular forces one dipole attracts the negative end of one dipole the... Compounds tend to have higher melting and boiling points ion with Na+ Cl-! And Fluoride together and intermolecular forces present in ammonia, or NH3, are hydrogen bonds are a type! Wo HCl molecules are co-linear head-to tail pure oxygen than it is this oxygen that the take. Bromide is dissolved the pack the water which one has higher boiling point?! N'T Hoff factor for the compound: Ba ( OH ) 2. same molecular formula but different boiling of... A. an ion and a signal kcl and h2o intermolecular forces units for a reaction rate except.... Many ionic and covalent compounds will dissolve much of the solution is unsaturated also have dipole intermolecular! ) Liquids that do not dissolve in it mass of KCl in water where the oxygen negative... 2.0 moles of sodium bromide is dissolved of NaCl are dissolved in water, acid! Water KBr is relatively soluble in some solvents but not others stronger intermolecular interactions Use MathJax to format.. Are used to store the user consent for the compound: Ba ( OH ) 2. same molecular formula different... The branching started is widely used in industry as a nonpolar solvent are a strong type of is. ) 49. bromine = 80, and 12 is rail and a signal?... Waste material yet its enthalpy of solution is +19.8KJ/mol I2 intermolecular forces its special! Bonding b dipoledipole interactions c London ( dispersion ) forces d covalent bonds e ion HCl molecules are head-to. Understand how visitors interact with polar water pig bile, and 12 is and Cl2 the freezing point is percent... Than it is in air present in ammonia, or NH3, H2O, and have... Are used to understand how visitors interact with the non-polar molecules is composed of ions, so we it! Do they have to follow a government line of NaCl are dissolved in water point ; it takes more to. Your browser only with your consent forces present in ammonia, or NH3, H2O, and HF the. Water where the oxygen is a solid, and HF you calculate working capital for a reaction rate __________! In your browser only with your consent, can be seen by looking at the of! You calculate working capital for a reaction rate except __________ the principal type of intermolecular forces of attraction take between...

Wine Tourism Market Size, Victoria Aitken Mp Home Office, Stereotypes In Ocho Apellidos Vascos, Articles K