general james longstreet family tree

There was a tradition back then to name your children after family, and the family was big, so there were actually several James' in the family. James had 10 siblings: William Dent Longstreet, Henrietta Clemens (born Longstreet) and 8 other siblings. January 8, 1821 -- James Longstreet was born at his paternal grandmother's house near Edgefield, Edgefield District (now County), South Carolina. Connect to the World Family Tree to find out, Jan 8 1821 - Edgefield, South Carolina, USA, Jan 2 1904 - Gainesville, Hall, Georgia, USA, James Longstreet, Mary Ann Longstreet (born Dent). patriots and people of quality : the pedigree of General James Longstreet "the Old Warhorse" Statement of Responsibility: researched and compiled by Clark Thompson Thornton . Have you taken a DNA test? arland Longstreet, Augustus Baldwin Longstreet, William Dent Longstreet, Harriet Margaret Longstreet, James Longstreet, Mary Ann Longstre n Longstreet, William Dent Longstreet, Harriet Margaret Longstreet, James J. Longstreet, Robert Lee Longstreet, Mary Ann Longstreet, Fitz n Longstreet, William Dent Longstreet, Harriet Margaret Longstreet, James J. Longstreet, Robert Lee Longstreet, Mary Ann Louise Longstree James Pete Longstreet Jr., Maria Louisa Longstreet Jr. (born Longstreet Garland). ---------------------------------------------------. Advertisement. But as opposed as he was, he followed Lees orders to attack on the third and decisive day of the battle. chaired the committee that drafted Mississippi's Ordinance of Secession; Confederate general James Longstreet was Longstreet's nephew. L > Longstreet > James G. Longstreet Jr. ah Jane Longstreet, John Longstreet, Henrietta Longstreet, Rebecca Longstreet, Julia Longstreet, Eliza Parke Longstreet, Maria Nelson Lon n Longstreet, William Dent Longstreet, Harriet Margaret Longstreet, James Longstreet, Mary Ann Longstreet, Maj Robert Lee Longstreet, Col Jan 8 1821 - A Plantation near Edgefield Dist., SC. Longstreet would go on to serve as the U.S. ambassador to Turkey and as a railroad commissioner before his death in 1904. Son of Lt. Gen.(CSA) James Longstreet, Jr. and Marie Louise Garland Along with General Stonewall Jackson, he became one of the most trusted field commanders in Lees Army of Northern Virginia. He served as Grant's minister to Turkey. There he saw further action at Yorktown, Williamsburg, Seven Pines, and the Seven Days. Grant was a West Point classmate of Longstreet and had married one of Longstreet's cousins. In 1861 his headquarters were noted for parties, drinking, and poker games. Many southerners considered him a traitor to the cause, and blamed him for the Confederacy's defeat. Region. North America. He was not married. Lt. Gen. (CSA) James Longstreet, Jr. father Mariah Louisa Longstreet mother Augustus Baldwin Longstreet brother William Dent Longstreet brother James Longstreet I brother Mary Ann Longstreet sister Robert Lee Longstreet brother Lt. Col. James Longstreet, III brother Maria Louise Whelchel sister Fitz Randolph Longstreet brother Advertisement. Corps commander James Longstreet made three mistakes that have denied him his deserved place in Southern posterity: He argued with Lee at Gettysburg, he was right, and he became a Republican. Son of Civil War General James Longstreet. He also became a member of the Republican Party. Not confirmed, but said to be related to Confederate General Longstreet. Hill's men. Oftentimes the family trees listed as still in progress have derived from research into famous people who have a kinship to this person. I haven't looked it up, but wouldn't the prefix be more like Lt. Gen. Fearing for his familys safety, Longstreet left New Orleans and returned to Georgia in 1875. Longstreets skill at fighting from defensive positions was again showcased during the Battle of Fredericksburg in December of 1862. view all Lt. Col. James Longstreet, III's Timeline After Gettysburg, Longstreet was ordered to attack Grants army at Chicamauga. Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, the Wilderness and many others, but it was his stand after the war and his . Geni requires JavaScript! Despite an injury that paralyzed his right arm, he returned to duty in October 1864. Birth: Jan. 8, 1821Edgefield County South Carolina, USA Death: Jan. 2, 1904 Gainesville Hall County Georgia, USA. Roberts, Gary Boyd, Notable Kin, Volume 2, Santa Clarita, California: Carl Boyer, 3rd (1999), 197. He outlived most of his high-ranking postwar detractors. . The several months of campaigning in Georgia and Tennessee was the first time in military history that the railroad was used to reposition an entire Corps to participate in battle. Family Members . He also served as commissioner of Pacific Railroads under Mckinley and Roosevelt, from 1897 to 1904. Perhaps no Confederate officer is surrounded by more controversy than James Longstreet. Sarah Jane Longstreet . James lived at address. t Longstreet, John Longstreet, Unknown Longstreet, Henrietta Clemens (born Longstreet), Rebecca Stainback (born Longstreet), Julia Longst n Longstreet, Mary Ann Longstreet, Major Robert E. Lee Longstreet, Fitz Randolph Longstreet, Colonel James Longstreet, William Dent Longs Jan 2 1904 - Gainesville, Hall County, Georgia, USA, General James G. Sr. Longstreet, Sr., Mary Ann Longstreet (born Dent). Grant ultimately married Longstreets cousin, Julia Dent, Parents James Longstreet 18211904 Maria Louisa Garland Longstreet 18271889, Siblings Photo John Garland Longstreet* 18481918, Photo Augustus Baldwin Longstreet* 18501862, Photo William Dent Longstreet* 18531854, Photo Fitz Randolph Longstreet* 18691951, Photo Maria Louisa Longstreet Whelchel* 18721957. Longstreet commanded his brigade with distinction in the Battle of First Bull Run, and in October 1861 he was promoted to the rank of major general and given control of a division. As a fervent proponent of states rights untempered by the countervailing view of the indissolubility of the Union, Longstreet's Uncle Gus had a strong influence on James. 1861 -- James Longstreet resigned his commission in the United States Army and entered Confederate service as a brigadier general. Wife of James Longstreet and Lt. Gen. (CSA) James Longstreet, Jr. His 13-year-old son Garland almost succumbed. December 11 - 15, 1862 -- During the Battle of Fredericksburg, Longstreet demonstrated his tactical abilities once more with successful defensive maneuvers. The losses were devastating for Longstreet and he became withdrawn, both personally and socially. Gainesville, in the latter state, has since been his home.". Early claimed that Longstreet had disobeyed Lee's orders at Gettysburg, and held him responsible for the South's defeat. His classmates included George E. Pickett and Ulysses S. Grant. Hill entered the Civil War in March 1861 as a colonel and experienced a meteoric rise to the rank of major general in the read more, John Bell Hood was a U.S. military officer who served as a Confederate general during the Civil War (1861-65). Please enable JavaScript in your browser's settings to use this part of Geni. Memorials. Source citations are included at the bottom of the page. On the death of his father he went with his mother to Somerville, Alabama. He was sent to Richmond, Virginia, and commissioned as a brigadier general under the command of General P.G.T. Beauregard. One of Robert E. Lee's most trusted. October 1863 April 1864 -- James Longstreet's service in the West was marred by quarrels with his commander, Braxton Bragg. He entered West Point from Alabama, graduated in 1842, and was wounded at Chapultepec in Mexico. When the Confederate States of America was formed in 1861, southerners like Longstreet, who was a West Point graduate, were very much sought after for leadership positions. Born January 8, 1821 in Edgefield County, South Carolina, when his mother was visiting her mother-in-law. His brilliant war record is well known. "Do you know Grant? Gen. Longstreet saw fit to attack at 2PM. Connect to 494 Longstreet profiles on Geni, James Longstreet, Maria Louisa Longstreet (born Garland), Baldwin Longstreet, William Dent Longstreet, Harriet Margaret Longstreet, James J. Longstreet, Mary Ann Longstreet, Fitzrandolph Longstreet, May 31 1865 - Lynchburg, Campbell, Virginia, United States, Jan 15 1922 - Wyoming, Kent, Michigan, United States, General James Titus LONGSTREET, Maria Louise GARLAND. General Lee His Campaigns in Virginia 1861-1865 page 209, -------------------------------------------------ON A PERSONAL SIDE. Surname Index for General James Longstreet Acre, Aetheling, Alamannia, Altorf, Angers . January 19, 1872 -- Jubal A. January 1879 -- James Longstreet was appointed postmaster of Gainesville, Hall County, Georgia. Research devoted solely to this person has either not yet taken place or it is currently in progress. A graduate of the US Military Academy, Class of 1842, he served in the Mexican War of 1845-46, where he was wounded at Chapultepec, Mexico in 1847. During the Battle of Gettysburg (1-3 July 1863), it was argued that Longstreet did not act appropriately to Lee's plan of attack, which cost the Confederate Army the victory. After the war Longstreets criticism of Robert E. Lees tactics and his support of Lincolns Republican partyin particular the 1868 presidential campaign of Ulysses S. Grantled to repeated attacks on his character in the South. Reprinted 2009. In 1880 former Union general and Republican President Rutherford B. Hayes named him the U.S. ambassador to Turkey, a position Longstreet held for one year. In 1861 his headquarters were noted for parties, drinking, and poker games. After the war he served as adjutant, captain and paymaster, chiefly on the Texas frontier, until 1861, when he resigned. Longstreet, who had come to believe in the strategic offense and the tactical defense, was proven right when the Confederate attacks on the second and third days were repulsed. He would go on to serve in a variety of government positions, including a stretch as the U.S. ambassador to Turkey from 1880-81. 1850s -- James Longstreet rose to the rank of major in the United States Army, serving mostly on the western frontier. He supported the Republican Party, and in 1868 endorsed former Union commander Ulysses S. Grants presidential runa move that sullied his reputation in the South. September 20, 1863 -- Having advocated a concentration in the West, James Longstreet received permission to lead reinforcements for Braxton Bragg's army in Georgia. Lee's "Old War Horse" remained with his chief through the surrender at Appomattox. He was quickly promoted to General and soon commanded the First Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia, fighting in nearly every battle. According to Longstreet, the Battle of Gettysburg was a mistake. James Longstreet III. Accessed on March 8, 2014, in the Encyclopedia Virginia. arland Longstreet, Augustus Baldwin Longstreet, William Dent Longstreet, Harriet Margaret Longstreet, James J Longstreet, Mary Ann Louise General James Titus Longstreet, Louise (Maria Louisa) Longstreet (born Garland). He was shot just a few miles from where Thomas J. Brother of Maj. John Garland Longstreet; Augustus Baldwin Longstreet; William Dent Longstreet; James Longstreet I; Mary Ann Longstreet and 3 others; Robert Lee Longstreet; Maria Louise Whelchel and Fitz Randolph Longstreet less, http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~longstrt/0052-ld.html. The losses were devastating for Longstreet and he became withdrawn, both personally and socially. May 6, 1864, 12 p.m. -- During the Battle of the Wilderness, James Longstreet was badly wounded in the neck and right shoulder by "friendly" fire from Confederate. It is written of Longstreet that he was not a yes-man to Lee. Family Members. Captain Aaron Longstreet. The family tree for general james longstreet should not be considered exhaustive or authoritative. As with all family trees on this website, the sources for each ancestor are listed on the family group pages so that you can personally judge the reliability of the information. January 2, 1904 -- James Longstreet died at Gainesville, Hall County, Georgia. ah Jane Longstreet, John Longstreet, Henrietta Longstreet, Rebecca Longstreet, Julia Longstreet, Eliza Parke Longstreet, Maria Nelson Lon n Longstreet, William Dent Longstreet, Harriet Margaret Longstreet, James Longstreet, Mary Ann Longstreet, Maj Robert Lee Longstreet, Col Jan 8 1821 - A Plantation near Edgefield Dist., SC. A graduate of the US Military Academy, Class of 1842, he served in the Mexican War of 1845-46, where he was wounded at Chapultepec, Mexico in 1847. He died of an apparent stroke while leading his Second Squadron (three troops) in a Saturday morning review on the parade ground. He was the son of a farmer named James Longstreet and his wife, Mary Ann Dent. He worked as an insurance agent, a lottery supervisor and was U.S. Minister to Turkey in 1880. General James Longstreet: A Family Portrait. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. Hill's men. Many of Longstreets most famous victories came in the months after Robert E. Lee assumed command of Confederate forces in mid-1862. After Gettysburg, Longstreet was ordered to attack Grants army at Chicamauga. In this battle, Longstreet's leadership of his Corps proved most capable, and the 1st Corps drove the invading Yankee Army back to Chattanooga, Tennessee. James Longstreet: Early Civil War Service, James Longstreet: The Battle of Gettysburg, James Longstreet: Later Civil War Service. His latest book. [4], 1833 -- James Longstreet's father died from cholera during a visit to Augusta, Georgia. After the war, Longstreet settled in New Orleans and went into private business. Detached to reinforce Bragg in Georgia, he commanded a wing of the army on the second day at Chickamauga. Longstreet served under Lee as a corps commander for many of the famous battles fought by the Army of Northern Virginia in the Eastern Theater, but also with General Braxton Bragg in the Army of Tennessee in the Western Theater. As with any good genealogical research, if you discover a link to your own family tree, consider it a starting point for further research. James Carter Longstreet Sr. His parents owned a cotton plantation. With two brevets and the staff rank of major he resigned his commission on June 1, 1861, and joined the Confederacy. Early in 1864 he was wounded by the fire of his own troops in the battle of the Wilderness, and a year later was included in the surrender at Appomattox. James Longstreet, (born January 8, 1821, Edgefield district, South Carolina, U.S.died January 2, 1904, Gainesville, Georgia), Confederate officer during the American Civil War. Throughout his later life, Longstreet was one of the popular targets of the Lost Cause movement, a literary and cultural crusade that condemned Reconstruction efforts and sought to shift blame for the Confederate defeat away from Robert E. Lee. James Titus Jr. Longstreet. Half brother of Sarah Jane Ames, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet. Born 8 Jan 1821 In Edgefield District, South Carolina, United States. Home; Memorials; Cemeteries; Famous; Contribute; Register; Sign In; Register; Sign In; Memorial updated successfully. Username and password are case sensitive. Many southerners considered him a traitor to the cause, and blamed him for the Confederacy's defeat. Uncle Gus enlisted the help of South Carolina Governor George McDuffie and U. S. Senator from South Carolina John C. Calhoun in persuading U.S. Representative from the 1st District of Alabama, Reuben Chapman, to nominate James to attend West Point beginning in July 1838. Geneanet Community Trees Index. Federal troops eventually restored order. James Longstreet was born on January 8, 1821, in the Edgefield District of South Carolina. Confederate Army - U.S. Civil War. Criticized by many former Confederates, he struck back with his book, From Manassas to Appomattox. Memorials. He is buried in Gainsville. Two divisions of his own corps, posted on the right flank, did absolutely nothing; and after a supremely gallant effort, fifteen thousand men who were hurled against the front of the Federal army, and some of whom actually penetrated the position, were repulsed with fearful slaughter. July 3, 1863 -- Robert E. Lee countermanded James Longstreet's efforts to maneuver around the Union left flank at Gettysburg. James Longstreet (January 8, 1821 January 2, 1904) was one of the foremost Confederate generals of the American Civil War and the principal subordinate to General Robert E. Lee, who called Longstreet his "Old War Horse." But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! . t Longstreet, John Longstreet, Henrietta Clemens (born Longstreet), Rebecca Ruff Stainback (born Longstreet), Julia Longstreet, Eliza Par Louise (Maria Louisa) Longstreet (born Garland). During his life many disagreements arose between his version and Col. Walter H. Taylor, Lee's Trusted Aid throughout the War. WIKITREE PROTECTS MOST SENSITIVE INFORMATION BUT ONLY TO THE EXTENT STATED IN THE TERMS OF SERVICE AND PRIVACY POLICY. General Longstreet had his own version of many of the battles he was involved in. An 1842 graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point, Longstreet displayed conspicuous bravery during the Mexican War. Col Taylor made it his ambition to constantly remind General Longstreet of the actual facts of what really happened. The family tree for General James Longstreet should not be considered exhaustive or authoritative. To the chagrin of his fellow southerners, he became a Republican and friends* with then U.S. President Ulysses Grant. in Edgefield District, South Carolina, USA , United States, Died on January 02, 1904 After the War, he allied himself with the Republican Party, to the anger of his fellow Confederates, and worked to reconcile the Southern states to the Union. Something . I was in the Corps of Cadets with him at West Point for three years. It took the Sons of Confederate Veterans 125 years to honor James Longstreet. Fall 1863 - Winter 1864 -- General Longstreet established his winter headquarters at the Taylor estate. Longstreet was born January 8, 1821 in Edgefield District, South Carolina. Brother of Lt. (CSA) William Dent Longstreet; Henrietta Clemens; Rebecca Stanback; Julia Murphy; Anna Dent and 4 others; Eliza Parke Lucas; Maria Nelson Dismukes; Sarah Jane Ames and 13 Longstreet Children less View entire list of famous kin for James Longstreet. in Gainesville, Georgia, USA, This form allows you to report an error or to submit additional information about this family tree: James LONGSTREET (1821), Copyright Wikipdia authors - This article is under licence CC BY-SA 3.0. He uses it to defend himself against attacks (often politically motivated) on his generalship during the Civil War. arland Longstreet, Augustus Baldwin Longstreet, William Dent Longstreet, Harriet Margaret Longstreet, Robert Edward Lee Longstreet, Col J General James Titus Longstreet, Maria Louise Longstreet (born Garland). Civil War Confederate Lieutenant General. Son of James G. Longstreet and Mary Ann Dent Under Joseph E. Johnston, Longstreet turned in one of his worst performances at the Battle of Seven Pines in Virginia on May 31, 1862. James was born in 1784, in. On March 8, 1848, in Lynchburg, Virginia, he married Maria Louisa Garland, daughter of General John Garland, and they would have ten children. Tragedy struck the Longstreet family in January 1862. Following the death of his wife, Maria, he married for a second time, on September 8, 1897, to Helen Dortch in Atlanta, Georgia. . Well, I do. He also served as a U.S. Rejoining Lee, he opposed attacking at Gettysburg in favor of maneuvering Meade out of his position. Commanded the First Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia, under General Robert E. Lee. Long known for his slowness in readying his armies for combat, Longstreet delayed his offensive on the battles second day in order to coordinate his forces, a move that his detractors would later argue allowed Union General George Meade to prepare for the attack. n LONGSTREET, Fitz Randolph LONGSTREET, Maria Louisa LONGSTREET, Maj Robert Lee LONGSTREET, James LONGSTREET, John Garland LONGSTREET, Ha Jan 15 1922 - Wyoming, Kent County, Michigan, United States, James Titus Longstreet, Louise (Maria Louisa) Longstreet (born Garland). (from Wikipedia), A biography from the period reads: "The man who was considered the hardest fighter in the Confederate service during the Civil war, and who was known in the army as "Old Pete," is now living quietly on a farm near Gainesville, Ga. Gen. James Longstreet was born in the Edgefield District, Hamburg, S. C., January 8, 1821. He was severely wounded at the storming of Chapultepec. That would make sense. His military career would reach its peak when Longstreet moved the entire 1st Corps from Virginia to northern Georgia, to support CSA General Braxton Bragg's Army of Tennessee in the Battle of Chickamauga. . He was the fifth child and third son of James and Mary Ann Dent Longstreet, originally from New Jersey and Maryland, respectively, who owned a cotton plantation close to where the village of Gainesville would be founded in northeastern Georgia. Meanwhile the Second Corps under General Ewell had attacked at dawn was beaten back. [3]. If not, see our friends at Ancestry DNA. General Lee instead ordered Longstreet to strike the Union left on July 2. I have observed his methods of warfare in the West, and I believe I know him through and through and I tell you that we cannot afford to underrate him and the army he now commands. Half brother of Sarah Jane Ames, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet. Longstreet died in Gainesville, Georgia on January 2, 1904. But as opposed as he was, he followed Lees orders to attack on the third and decisive day of the battle. Detached from Bragg, Longstreet failed to recapture Knoxville, Tennessee, in November. During the Battle of Antietamthe single bloodiest day of the Civil WarLongstreet mounted a defensive stand in which his army repelled a Union force nearly two times its size. In that year he was commissioned brigadier-general in the Confederate army, and after the first battle of Bull Run was promoted to major-general. After serving on garrison and frontier duty for several years, his regiment participated in the war with Mexico, where his conspicuous bravery won him respected promotions, culminating in the rank of brevet major. Well, I do. Commanding what was variously styled a "wing," "command," or "corps," the latter not being legally recognized until October 1862, he proved to be a capable subordinate to Lee at 2nd Bull Run, where he delivered a crushing attack, South Mountain, Antietam, and Fredericksburg. He is most famous for leading a daring bombing raid over Tokyo in 1942, read more, James Polk (1795-1849) served as the 11th U.S. president from 1845 to 1849. --------------------------------------------. April 11 May 4, 1863 -- James Longstreet led three divisions of Confederate troops in a siege of the Union garrison at Suffolk, Virginia. 1993, 2005. The culmination of Lees invasion of the North, the Battle of Gettysburg (July1-3 1863) proved to be one of Longstreets most controversial moments of the war. Longstreets decisive victory hailed him as one of the souths best generals. Though Lee's records from the war did not mention any such disobedience, Longstreet's criticism of Lee while defending himself did not help his cause. James's ancestor Dirck Stoffels Langestraet immigrated to the Dutch colony of New Netherland in 1657, but the surname became Anglicized over the generations. Isabeau de DAMPIERRE , John de FIENNES, Anne Touchet , Thomas Dutton, Bertha De Morvois , Herbert I De Vermandois. May 1880 -- James Longstreet, a former Confederate general turned Republican Party member, was nominated to be ambassador to the Ottoman Empire by U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes. 1848 - 1872 -- Pete and Louise Garland Longstreet had 10 children: three daughters and seven sons. ---------------------------------------------------. While Suffolk was never completely captured, needed supplies were. His military career would reach its peak when Longstreet moved the entire 1st Corps from Virginia to northern Georgia, to support CSA General Braxton Bragg's Army of Tennessee in the Battle of Chickamauga. Following his graduation from West Point Longstreet was commissioned as a brevet second lieutenant in the 4th U.S. Infantry. In Richmond, VA during winter 1862, the three youngest children of General James and Maria Louisa Longstreet died from scarlet fever. As one of the greatest generals to emerge from the War Between the States, James Longstreet fought in nearly every major battle of the Civil War . His father was of Dutch descent, while his mother had English origins. Please try again. Edward Mayes. It is written of Longstreet that he was not a yes-man to Lee. He was of the opinion that the war would be won in the west, and if large battles were fought in northern territory they should be defensive in nature. 1865 -- Following the Confederacy's defeat, James Longstreet moved to New Orleans, Louisiana. He served as a Lieutenant Colonel, 13th Cavalry, stationed at Ft. D. A. Russell (Cheyenne, Wyoming). Fall 1830 - 1838 -- James Longstreet lived with his uncle, Augustus Baldwin Longstreet, and aunt Francis Eliza Parke Longstreet, and their two daughters on their plantation, Westover, on the outskirts of Augusta, Richmond County, Georgia. Privately published. [He asked of those who were downplaying Grant's capabilities]. He was appointed surveyor of customs of the port of New Orleans by President Grant; supervisor of internal revenue, postmaster at New Orleans and Minister to Turkey by President Hayes, and United States marshal for the district of Georgia by President Garfield. April 9, 1865 -- As Lee's second-in-command at the end of the war, Longstreet accompanied Lee to the surrender at Appomattox Courthouse, Appomattox County, Virginia. Longstreet was born January 8, 1821 in Edgefield District, South Carolina. Register ; Sign in ; Memorial updated successfully of James Longstreet moved to New Orleans went! Confederates, he followed Lees orders to attack Grants Army at Chicamauga a wing the... Service, James Longstreet: the battle of Bull Run was promoted to General and soon commanded the First of... Confederate General Longstreet established his winter headquarters at the general james longstreet family tree estate owned cotton. Despite an injury that paralyzed his right arm, he commanded a wing of battle... U.S. Infantry throughout the War, Longstreet failed to recapture Knoxville, Tennessee, in the Encyclopedia.! ( CSA ) James Longstreet died in Gainesville, Hall County, Georgia contact us Bragg in Georgia he... 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